Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

Daniel Klionsky (1) , Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz , Sara Abdelfatah , Mahmoud Abdellatif , Asghar Abdoli (2) , Steffen Abel , Hagai Abeliovich , Marie Abildgaard , Yakubu Princely Abudu , Abraham Acevedo-Arozena , Iannis Adamopoulos , Khosrow Adeli , Timon Adolph , Annagrazia Adornetto , Elma Aflaki , Galila Agam , Anupam Agarwal , Bharat Aggarwal , Maria Agnello , Patrizia Agostinis , Javed Agrewala , Alexander Agrotis , Patricia Aguilar , S. Tariq Ahmad , Zubair Ahmed , Ulises Ahumada-Castro , Sonja Aits , Shu Aizawa , Yunus Akkoc , Tonia Akoumianaki , Hafize Aysin Akpinar , Ahmed Al-Abd , Lina Al-Akra , Abeer Al-Gharaibeh , Moulay Alaoui-Jamali , Simon Alberti , Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez , Cristiano Alessandri , Muhammad Ali , M. Abdul Alim Al-Bari , Saeb Aliwaini , Javad Alizadeh , Eugènia Almacellas , Alexandru Almasan , Alicia Alonso , Guillermo Alonso , Nihal Altan-Bonnet , Dario Altieri , Élida Álvarez , Sara Alves , Cristine Alves da Costa (3) , Mazen Alzaharna , Marialaura Amadio , Consuelo Amantini , Cristina Amaral , Susanna Ambrosio , Amal Amer , Veena Ammanathan , Zhenyi An , Stig Andersen , Shaida Andrabi , Magaiver Andrade-Silva , Allen Andres , Sabrina Angelini , David Ann , Uche Anozie , Mohammad Ansari , Pedro Antas , Adam Antebi , Zuriñe Antón , Tahira Anwar , Lionel Apetoh (4) , Nadezda Apostolova , Toshiyuki Araki , Yasuhiro Araki , Kohei Arasaki , Wagner Araújo , Jun Araya , Catherine Arden , Maria-Angeles Arévalo , Sandro Arguelles , Esperanza Arias , Jyothi Arikkath , Hirokazu Arimoto , Aileen Ariosa , Darius Armstrong-James , Laetitia Arnauné-Pelloquin (5) , Angeles Aroca , Daniela Arroyo , Ivica Arsov , Rubén Artero , Dalia Maria Lucia Asaro , Michael Aschner , Milad Ashrafizadeh , Osnat Ashur-Fabian , Atanas Atanasov , Alicia Au , Patrick Auberger (6) , Holger Auner , Laure Aurelian , Riccardo Autelli , Laura Avagliano , Yenniffer Ávalos , Sanja Aveic , Célia Alexandra Aveleira , Tamar Avin-Wittenberg , Yucel Aydin , Scott Ayton , Srinivas Ayyadevara , Maria Azzopardi , Misuzu Baba , Jonathan Backer , Steven Backues , Dong-Hun Bae , Ok-Nam Bae , Soo Han Bae , Eric Baehrecke , Ahruem Baek , Seung-Hoon Baek , Sung Hee Baek , Giacinto Bagetta , Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna , Hua Bai , Jie Bai , Xiyuan Bai , Yidong Bai , Nandadulal Bairagi , Shounak Baksi , Teresa Balbi , Cosima Baldari , Walter Balduini , Andrea Ballabio , Maria Ballester , Salma Balazadeh , Rena Balzan , Rina Bandopadhyay , Sreeparna Banerjee , Sulagna Banerjee , Ágnes Bánréti (7) , Yan Bao , Mauricio Baptista , Alessandra Baracca , Cristiana Barbati , Ariadna Bargiela , Daniela Barilà , Peter Barlow , Sami Barmada , Esther Barreiro , George Barreto , Jiri Bartek , Bonnie Bartel , Alberto Bartolome , Gaurav Barve , Suresh Basagoudanavar , Diane Bassham , Robert Bast , Alakananda Basu , Henri Batoko , Isabella Batten , Etienne Baulieu (8) , Bradley Baumgarner (9) , Jagadeesh Bayry (10) , Rupert Beale (11, 12) , Isabelle Beau (13) , Florian Beaumatin (14) , Luiz R.G. Bechara , George Beck , Michael Beers , Jakob Begun , Christian Behrends , Georg M.N. Behrens , Roberto Bei , Eloy Bejarano , Shai Bel , Christian Behl , Amine Belaid , Naïma Belgareh-Touzé (15) , Cristina Bellarosa , Francesca Belleudi (16) , Melissa Belló Pérez , Raquel Bello-Morales , Jackeline Soares de Oliveira Beltran , Sebastián Beltran , Doris Mangiaracina Benbrook , Mykolas Bendorius (17) , Bruno Benitez , Irene Benito-Cuesta , Julien Bensalem , Martin Berchtold , Sabina Berezowska , Daniele Bergamaschi , Matteo Bergami , Andreas Bergmann , Laura Berliocchi , Clarisse Berlioz-Torrent (18) , Amélie Bernard (19) , Lionel Berthoux (20) , Cagri Besirli , Sébastien Besteiro (21) , Virginie Betin , Rudi Beyaert , Jelena Bezbradica , Kiran Bhaskar , Ingrid Bhatia-Kissova , Resham Bhattacharya , Sujoy Bhattacharya , Shalmoli Bhattacharyya , Md. Shenuarin Bhuiyan , Sujit Kumar Bhutia , Lanrong Bi , Xiaolin Bi , Trevor Biden , Krikor Bijian , Viktor Billes , Nadine Binart (13) , Claudia Bincoletto , Asa Birgisdottir , Geir Bjorkoy , Gonzalo Blanco , Ana Blas-Garcia , Janusz Blasiak , Robert Blomgran , Klas Blomgren , Janice Blum , Emilio Boada-Romero , Mirta Boban , Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia , Philippe Boeuf , Barry Boland , Pascale Bomont (22) , Paolo Bonaldo , Srinivasa Reddy Bonam (10) , Laura Bonfili , Juan Bonifacino , Brian Boone , Martin Bootman , Matteo Bordi , Christoph Borner , Beat Bornhauser , Gautam Borthakur , Jürgen Bosch , Santanu Bose , Luis Botana , Juan Botas , Chantal Boulanger (23) , Michael Boulton , Mathieu Bourdenx , Benjamin Bourgeois , Nollaig Bourke , Guilhem Bousquet (24) , Patricia Boya , Peter Bozhkov , Luiz Bozi , Tolga Bozkurt , Doug Brackney , Christian Brandts , Ralf Braun , Gerhard Braus , Roberto Bravo-Sagua , José M. Bravo-San Pedro (10) , Patrick Brest (25) , Marie-Agnès Bringer (26) , Alfredo Briones-Herrera , V. Courtney Broaddus , Peter Brodersen , Jeffrey Brodsky , Steven Brody , Paola Bronson , Jeff Bronstein , Carolyn Brown , Rhoderick Brown , Patricia Brum , John Brumell , Nicola Brunetti-Pierri , Daniele Bruno , Robert Bryson-Richardson , Cecilia Bucci , Carmen Buchrieser (27) , Marta Bueno , Laura Elisa Buitrago-Molina , Simone Buraschi , Shilpa Buch , J. Ross Buchan , Erin Buckingham , Hikmet Budak , Mauricio Budini , Geert Bultynck , Florin Burada , Joseph Burgoyne , M. Isabel Burón , Victor Bustos , Sabrina Büttner , Elena Butturini , Aaron Byrd , Isabel Cabas , Sandra Cabrera-Benitez , Ken Cadwell , Jingjing Cai , Lu Cai , Qian Cai , Montserrat Cairó , Jose Calbet , Guy Caldwell , Kim Caldwell , Jarrod Call , Riccardo Calvani , Ana Calvo , Miguel Calvo-Rubio Barrera , Niels Os Camara , Jacques H. Camonis (28) , Nadine Camougrand (29) , Michelangelo Campanella , Edward Campbell , François-Xavier Campbell-Valois , Silvia Campello , Ilaria Campesi , Juliane Campos , Olivier Camuzard (30) , Jorge Cancino , Danilo Candido de Almeida , Laura Canesi , Isabella Caniggia , Barbara Canonico , Carles Cantí , Bin Cao , Michele Caraglia , Beatriz Caramés , Evie Carchman , Elena Cardenal-Muñoz , Cesar Cardenas , Luis Cardenas , Sandra Cardoso , Jennifer Carew , Georges F. Carle (30) , Gillian Carleton , Silvia Carloni , Didac Carmona-Gutierrez , Leticia Carneiro , Oliana Carnevali , Julian Carosi , Serena Carra , Alice Carrier (31) , Lucie Carrier , Bernadette Carroll , A. Brent Carter , Andreia Neves Carvalho , Magali Casanova (32) , Caty Casas , Josefina Casas , Chiara Cassioli , Eliseo Castillo , Karen Castillo , Sonia Castillo-Lluva , Francesca Castoldi (33, 34) , Marco Castori , Ariel Castro , Margarida Castro-Caldas , Javier Castro-Hernandez , Susana Castro-Obregon , Sergio Catz , Claudia Cavadas , Federica Cavaliere , Gabriella Cavallini , Maria Cavinato , Maria Cayuela , Paula Cebollada Rica , Valentina Cecarini , Francesco Cecconi , Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko , Simone Cenci , Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré , João Cerqueira , Janete Cerutti , Davide Cervia , Vildan Bozok Cetintas , Silvia Cetrullo , Han-Jung Chae , Andrei Chagin , Chee-Yin Chai , Gopal Chakrabarti , Oishee Chakrabarti , Tapas Chakraborty , Trinad Chakraborty , Mounia Chami (3) , Georgios Chamilos , David Chan , Edmond Chan , Edward Chan , H.Y. Edwin Chan , Helen Chan , Hung Chan , Matthew T.V. Chan , Yau Sang Chan , Partha Chandra , Chih-Peng Chang , Chunmei Chang , Hao-Chun Chang , Kai Chang , Jie Chao , Tracey Chapman , Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand (35) , Samrat Chatterjee , Shail Chaube , Anu Chaudhary , Santosh Chauhan , Edward Chaum , Frédéric Checler (3) , Michael Cheetham , Chang-Shi Chen , Guang-Chao Chen , Jian-Fu Chen , Liam Chen , Leilei Chen , Lin Chen , Mingliang Chen , Mu-Kuan Chen , Ning Chen , Quan Chen , Ruey-Hwa Chen , Shi Chen , Wei Chen , Weiqiang Chen , Xin-Ming Chen , Xiong-Wen Chen , Xu Chen , Yan Chen , Ye-Guang Chen , Yingyu Chen , Yongqiang Chen , Yu-Jen Chen , Yue-Qin Chen , Zhefan Stephen Chen , Zhi Chen , Zhi-Hua Chen , Zhijian Chen , Zhixiang Chen , Hanhua Cheng , Jun Cheng , Shi-Yuan Cheng , Wei Cheng , Xiaodong Cheng , Xiu-Tang Cheng , Yiyun Cheng , Zhiyong Cheng , Zhong Chen , Heesun Cheong , Jit Kong Cheong , Boris Chernyak , Sara Cherry , Chi Fai Randy Cheung , Chun Hei Antonio Cheung , King-Ho Cheung , Eric Chevet (36, 37) , Richard Chi , Alan Kwok Shing Chiang , Ferdinando Chiaradonna , Roberto Chiarelli , Mario Chiariello , Nathalia Chica , Susanna Chiocca , Mario Chiong , Shih-Hwa Chiou , Abhilash Chiramel , Valerio Chiurchiù , Dong-Hyung Cho , Seong-Kyu Choe , Augustine M.K. Choi , Mary Choi , Kamalika Roy Choudhury , Norman Chow , Charleen Chu , Jason Chua , John Jia En Chua , Hyewon Chung , Kin Pan Chung , Seockhoon Chung , So-Hyang Chung , Yuen-Li Chung , Valentina Cianfanelli , Iwona Ciechomska , Mariana Cifuentes , Laura Cinque , Sebahattin Cirak , Mara Cirone , Michael Clague , Robert Clarke , Emilio Clementi , Eliana Coccia , Patrice Codogno (38) , Ehud Cohen , Mickael M. Cohen (15) , Tania Colasanti , Fiorella Colasuonno , Robert Colbert , Anna Colell , Miodrag Čolić , Nuria Coll , Mark Collins , María Colombo , Daniel Colón-Ramos , Lydie Combaret (39) , Sergio Comincini , Márcia Cominetti , Antonella Consiglio , Andrea Conte , Fabrizio Conti , Viorica Raluca Contu , Mark Cookson , Kevin Coombs , Isabelle Coppens , Maria Tiziana Corasaniti , Dale Corkery , Nils Cordes , Katia Cortese , Maria Do Carmo Costa , Sarah Costantino , Paola Costelli , Ana Coto-Montes , Peter Crack , Jose Crespo , Alfredo Criollo , Valeria Crippa , Riccardo Cristofani , Tamas Csizmadia , Antonio Cuadrado , Bing Cui , Jun Cui , Yixian Cui , Yong Cui , Emmanuel Culetto (40) , Andrea Cumino , Andrey Cybulsky , Mark Czaja , Stanislaw Czuczwar , Stefania D’adamo , Marcello D’amelio , Daniela D’arcangelo , Andrew D’lugos , Gabriella D’orazi , James da Silva , Hormos Salimi Dafsari , Ruben Dagda , Yasin Dagdas , Maria Daglia , Xiaoxia Dai , Yun Dai , Yuyuan Dai , Jessica Dal Col , Paul Dalhaimer , Luisa Dalla Valle , Tobias Dallenga , Guillaume Dalmasso (41) , Markus Damme , Ilaria Dando , Nico Dantuma , April Darling , Hiranmoy Das , Srinivasan Dasarathy , Santosh Dasari , Srikanta Dash , Oliver Daumke , Adrian Dauphinee , Jeffrey Davies , Valeria Dávila , Roger Davis , Tanja Davis , Sharadha Dayalan Naidu , Francesca de Amicis , Karolien de Bosscher , Francesca de Felice , Lucia de Franceschi , Chiara de Leonibus , Mayara de Mattos Barbosa , Guido R.Y. de Meyer , Angelo de Milito , Cosimo de Nunzio , Clara de Palma , Mauro de Santi , Claudio de Virgilio , Daniela de Zio , Jayanta Debnath , Brian Debosch , Jean-Paul Decuypere , Mark Deehan , Gianluca Deflorian , James Degregori , Benjamin Dehay (42) , Gabriel del Rio , Joe Delaney , Lea Delbridge , Elizabeth Delorme-Axford , M. Victoria Delpino , Francesca Demarchi , Vilma Dembitz , Nicholas Demers , Hongbin Deng , Zhiqiang Deng , Joern Dengjel , Paul Dent , Donna Denton , Melvin Depamphilis , Channing Der , Vojo Deretic , Albert Descoteaux , Laura Devis , Sushil Devkota , Olivier Devuyst , Grant Dewson , Mahendiran Dharmasivam , Rohan Dhiman , Diego Di Bernardo , Manlio Di Cristina , Fabio Di Domenico , Pietro Di Fazio , Alessio Di Fonzo , Giovanni Di Guardo , Gianni Di Guglielmo , Luca Di Leo , Chiara Di Malta , Alessia Di Nardo , Martina Di Rienzo , Federica Di Sano , George Diallinas , Jiajie Diao , Guillermo Diaz-Araya , Inés Díaz-Laviada , Jared Dickinson , Marc Diederich , Mélanie Dieudé , Ivan Dikic , Shiping Ding , Wen-Xing Ding , Luciana Dini , Jelena Dinić , Miroslav Dinic , Albena Dinkova-Kostova , Marc Dionne , Jörg H.W. Distler , Abhinav Diwan , Ian M.C. Dixon , Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny (10) , Ina Dobrinski , Oxana Dobrovinskaya , Radek Dobrowolski , Renwick C.J. Dobson , Jelena Đokić , Serap Dokmeci Emre , Massimo Donadelli , Bo Dong , Xiaonan Dong , Zhiwu Dong , Gerald 2nd Dorn , Volker Dotsch , Huan Dou , Juan Dou , Moataz Dowaidar , Sami Dridi , Liat Drucker , Ailian Du , Caigan Du , Guangwei Du , Hai-Ning Du , Li-Lin Du , André Du Toit , Shao-Bin Duan , Xiaoqiong Duan , Sónia Duarte , Anna Dubrovska , Elaine Dunlop , Nicolas Dupont , Raúl Durán , Bilikere Dwarakanath , Sergey Dyshlovoy , Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari , Leopold Eckhart , Charles Edelstein , Thomas Efferth , Eftekhar Eftekharpour , Ludwig Eichinger , Nabil Eid , Tobias Eisenberg , N. Tony Eissa , Sanaa Eissa , Miriam Ejarque , Abdeljabar El Andaloussi , Nazira El-Hage , Shahenda El-Naggar , Anna Maria Eleuteri , Eman El-Shafey , Mohamed Elgendy , Aristides Eliopoulos , María Elizalde , Philip Elks , Hans-Peter Elsasser , Eslam Elsherbiny , Brooke Emerling , N. Emre , Christina Eng , Nikolai Engedal , Anna-Mart Engelbrecht , Agnete S.T. Engelsen , Jorrit Enserink , Ricardo Escalante , Audrey Esclatine , Mafalda Escobar-Henriques , Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen , Lucile Espert , Makandjou-Ola Eusebio , Gemma Fabrias , Cinzia Fabrizi , Antonio Facchiano , Francesco Facchiano , Bengt Fadeel , Claudio Fader , Alex Faesen , W. Douglas Fairlie , Alberto Falcó , Bjorn Falkenburger , Daping Fan , Jie Fan , Yanbo Fan , Evandro Fang , Yanshan Fang , Yognqi Fang , Manolis Fanto , Tamar Farfel-Becker , Mathias Faure (43) , Gholamreza Fazeli , Anthony Fedele , Arthur Feldman , Du Feng , Jiachun Feng , Lifeng Feng , Yibin Feng , Yuchen Feng , Wei Feng , Thais Fenz Araujo , Thomas Ferguson , Álvaro Fernández , Jose Fernandez-Checa , Sonia Fernández-Veledo , Alisdair Fernie , Anthony Ferrante , Alessandra Ferraresi , Merari Ferrari , Julio C.B. Ferreira , Susan Ferro-Novick , Antonio Figueras , Riccardo Filadi , Nicoletta Filigheddu , Eduardo Filippi-Chiela , Giuseppe Filomeni , Gian Maria Fimia , Vittorio Fineschi , Francesca Finetti , Steven Finkbeiner , Edward Fisher , Paul Fisher , Flavio Flamigni , Steven Fliesler , Trude Flo , Ida Florance , Oliver Florey , Tullio Florio , Erika Fodor , Carlo Follo , Edward Fon , Antonella Forlino , Francesco Fornai , Paola Fortini , Anna Fracassi , Alessandro Fraldi , Brunella Franco , Rodrigo Franco , Flavia Franconi , Lisa Frankel , Scott Friedman , Leopold Fröhlich , Gema Frühbeck , Jose Fuentes , Yukio Fujiki , Naonobu Fujita , Yuuki Fujiwara , Mitsunori Fukuda , Simone Fulda , Luc Furic , Norihiko Furuya , Carmela Fusco , Michaela Gack , Lidia Gaffke , Sehamuddin Galadari , Alessia Galasso , Maria Galindo , Sachith Gallolu Kankanamalage , Lorenzo Galluzzi , Vincent Galy , Noor Gammoh , Boyi Gan , Ian Ganley , Feng Gao , Hui Gao , Minghui Gao , Ping Gao , Shou-Jiang Gao , Wentao Gao , Xiaobo Gao , Ana Garcera , Maria Noé Garcia , Verónica Garcia , Francisco García-del Portillo , Vega Garcia-Escudero , Aracely Garcia-Garcia , Marina Garcia-Macia , Diana García-Moreno , Carmen Garcia-Ruiz , Patricia García-Sanz , Abhishek Garg , Ricardo Gargini , Tina Garofalo , Robert Garry , Nils Gassen , Damian Gatica , Liang Ge , Wanzhong Ge , Ruth Geiss-Friedlander , Cecilia Gelfi , Pascal Genschik , Ian Gentle , Valeria Gerbino , Christoph Gerhardt , Kyla Germain , Marc Germain , David Gewirtz , Elham Ghasemipour Afshar , Saeid Ghavami , Alessandra Ghigo , Manosij Ghosh , Georgios Giamas , Claudia Giampietri , Alexandra Giatromanolaki , Gary Gibson , Spencer Gibson , Vanessa Ginet , Edward Giniger , Carlotta Giorgi , Henrique Girao , Stephen Girardin , Mridhula Giridharan , Sandy Giuliano , Cecilia Giulivi , Sylvie Giuriato (44) , Julien Giustiniani (8) , Alexander Gluschko , Veit Goder , Alexander Goginashvili , Jakub Golab , David Goldstone , Anna Golebiewska , Luciana Gomes , Rodrigo Gomez (19) , Rubén Gómez-Sánchez , Maria Catalina Gomez-Puerto , Raquel Gomez-Sintes , Qingqiu Gong , Felix Goni , Javier González-Gallego , Tomas Gonzalez-Hernandez , Rosa Gonzalez-Polo , Jose Gonzalez-Reyes , Patricia González-Rodríguez , Ing Swie Goping , Marina Gorbatyuk , Nikolai Gorbunov , Kivanç Görgülü , Roxana Gorojod , Sharon Gorski , Sandro Goruppi , Cecilia Gotor , Roberta Gottlieb , Illana Gozes , Devrim Gozuacik , Martin Graef , Markus Gräler , Veronica Granatiero , Daniel Grasso , Joshua Gray , Douglas Green , Alexander Greenhough , Stephen Gregory , Edward Griffin , Mark Grinstaff , Frederic Gros , Charles Grose , Angelina Gross , Florian Gruber , Paolo Grumati , Tilman Grune , Xueyan Gu , Jun-Lin Guan , Carlos Guardia , Kishore Guda , Flora Guerra , Consuelo Guerri , Prasun Guha , Carlos Guillén , Shashi Gujar , Anna Gukovskaya , Ilya Gukovsky , Jan Gunst , Andreas Günther , Anyonya Guntur , Chuanyong Guo , Chun Guo , Hongqing Guo , Lian-Wang Guo , Ming Guo , Pawan Gupta , Shashi Kumar Gupta , Swapnil Gupta , Veer Bala Gupta , Vivek Gupta , Asa Gustafsson , David Gutterman , Ranjitha H.B. , Annakaisa Haapasalo , James Haber , Aleksandra Hać , Shinji Hadano , Anders Hafrén , Mansour Haidar , Belinda Hall , Gunnel Halldén , Anne Hamacher-Brady , Andrea Hamann , Maho Hamasaki , Weidong Han , Malene Hansen , Phyllis I.  Hanson , Zijian Hao , Masaru Harada , Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic , Nirmala Hariharan , Nigil Haroon , James Harris , Takafumi Hasegawa , Noor Hasima Nagoor , Jeffrey Haspel , Volker Haucke , Wayne Hawkins , Bruce Hay , Cole Haynes , Soren Hayrabedyan , Thomas Hays , Congcong He , Qin He , Rong-Rong He , You-Wen He , Yu-Ying He , Yasser Heakal , Alexander Heberle , J. Fielding Hejtmancik , Gudmundur Vignir  Helgason , Vanessa Henkel , Marc Herb , Alexander Hergovich , Anna Herman-Antosiewicz , Agustín Hernández , Carlos Hernandez , Sergio Hernandez-Diaz , Virginia Hernandez-Gea , Amaury Herpin (45) , Judit Herreros , Javier Hervás , Daniel Hesselson , Claudio Hetz , Volker Heussler , Yujiro Higuchi , Sabine Hilfiker , Joseph Hill , William Hlavacek , Emmanuel Ho , Idy H.T. Ho , Philip Wing-Lok Ho , Shu-Leong Ho , Wan Yun Ho , G. Aaron Hobbs , Mark Hochstrasser , Peter H.M. Hoet , Daniel Hofius , Paul Hofman , Annika Höhn , Carina Holmberg , Jose Hombrebueno , Chang-Won Hong, Yi-Ren Hong , Lora Hooper , Thorsten Hoppe , Rastislav Horos , Yujin Hoshida , I-Lun Hsin , Hsin-Yun Hsu , Bing Hu , Dong Hu , Li-Fang Hu , Ming Chang Hu , Ronggui Hu , Wei Hu , Yu-Chen Hu , Zhuo-Wei Hu , Fang Hua , Jinlian Hua , Yingqi Hua , Chongmin Huan , Canhua Huang , Chuanshu Huang , Chuanxin Huang , Chunling Huang , Haishan Huang , Kun Huang , Michael L.H. Huang , Rui Huang , Shan Huang , Tianzhi Huang , Xing Huang , Yuxiang Jack Huang , Tobias Huber , Virginie Hubert , Christian Hubner , Stephanie Hughes , William Hughes , Magali Humbert , Gerhard Hummer , James Hurley , Sabah Hussain , Salik Hussain , Patrick Hussey , Martina Hutabarat , Hui-Yun Hwang , Seungmin Hwang , Antonio Ieni , Fumiyo Ikeda , Yusuke Imagawa , Yuzuru Imai , Carol Imbriano , Masaya Imoto , Denise Inman , Ken Inoki , Juan Iovanna (31) , Renato Iozzo , Giuseppe Ippolito , Javier Irazoqui , Pablo Iribarren , Mohd Ishaq , Makoto Ishikawa , Nestor Ishimwe , Ciro Isidoro , Nahed Ismail , Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas , Eisuke Itakura , Daisuke Ito , Davor Ivankovic , Saška Ivanova , Anand Krishnan V. Iyer , José Izquierdo , Masanori Izumi , Marja Jäättelä , Majid Sakhi Jabir , William Jackson , Nadia Jacobo-Herrera , Anne-Claire Jacomin , Elise Jacquin (46) , Pooja Jadiya , Hartmut Jaeschke , Chinnaswamy Jagannath , Arjen Jakobi , Johan Jakobsson , Bassam Janji , Pidder Jansen-Dürr , Patric Jansson , Jonathan Jantsch , Sławomir Januszewski , Alagie Jassey , Steve Jean , Hélène Jeltsch-David , Pavla Jendelova , Andreas Jenny , Thomas Jensen , Niels Jessen , Jenna Jewell , Jing Ji , Lijun Jia , Rui Jia , Liwen Jiang , Qing Jiang , Richeng Jiang , Teng Jiang , Xuejun Jiang , Yu Jiang , Maria Jimenez-Sanchez , Eun-Jung Jin , Fengyan Jin , Hongchuan Jin , Li Jin , Luqi Jin , Meiyan Jin , Si Jin , Eun-Kyeong Jo , Carine Joffre (44) , Terje Johansen , Gail V.W. Johnson , Simon Johnston , Eija Jokitalo , Mohit Kumar Jolly , Leo A.B. Joosten , Joaquin Jordan , Bertrand Joseph , Dianwen Ju , Jeong-Sun Ju , Jingfang Ju , Esmeralda Juárez , Delphine Judith (18) , Gábor Juhász , Youngsoo Jun , Chang Hwa Jung , Sung-Chul Jung , Yong Keun Jung , Heinz Jungbluth , Johannes Jungverdorben , Steffen Just , Kai Kaarniranta , Allen Kaasik , Tomohiro Kabuta , Daniel Kaganovich , Alon Kahana , Renate Kain , Shinjo Kajimura , Maria Kalamvoki , Manjula Kalia , Danuta Kalinowski , Nina Kaludercic , Ioanna Kalvari , Joanna Kaminska , Vitaliy Kaminskyy , Hiromitsu Kanamori , Keizo Kanasaki , Chanhee Kang , Rui Kang , Sang Sun Kang , Senthilvelrajan Kaniyappan , Tomotake Kanki , Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti , Anumantha Kanthasamy , Arthi Kanthasamy , Marc Kantorow , Orsolya Kapuy , Michalis Karamouzis , Md. Razaul Karim , Parimal Karmakar , Rajesh Katare , Masaru Kato , Stefan H.E. Kaufmann , Anu Kauppinen , Gur Kaushal , Susmita Kaushik , Kiyoshi Kawasaki , Kemal Kazan , Po-Yuan Ke , Damien Keating , Ursula Keber , John Kehrl , Kate Keller , Christian Keller , Jongsook Kim Kemper , Candia Kenific , Oliver Kepp (10, 34) , Stephanie Kermorgant , Andreas Kern , Robin Ketteler , Tom Keulers , Boris Khalfin , Hany Khalil , Bilon Khambu , Shahid Khan , Vinoth Kumar Megraj Khandelwal , Rekha Khandia , Widuri Kho , Noopur Khobrekar , Sataree Khuansuwan , Mukhran Khundadze , Samuel Killackey , Dasol Kim , Deok Ryong Kim , Do-Hyung Kim , Dong-Eun Kim , Eun Young Kim , Eun-Kyoung Kim , Hak-Rim Kim , Hee-Sik Kim , Hyung-Ryong Kim , Jeong Hun Kim , Jin Kyung Kim , Jin-Hoi Kim , Joungmok Kim , Ju Hwan Kim , Keun Il Kim , Peter Kim , Seong-Jun Kim , Scot Kimball , Adi Kimchi , Alec Kimmelman , Tomonori Kimura , Matthew King , Kerri Kinghorn , Conan Kinsey , Vladimir Kirkin , Lorrie Kirshenbaum , Sergey Kiselev , Shuji Kishi , Katsuhiko Kitamoto , Yasushi Kitaoka , Kaio Kitazato , Richard Kitsis , Josef Kittler , Ole Kjaerulff , Peter Klein , Thomas Klopstock , Jochen Klucken , Helene Knævelsrud , Roland Knorr , Ben C.B. Ko , Fred Ko , Jiunn-Liang Ko , Hotaka Kobayashi , Satoru Kobayashi , Ina Koch , Jan Koch , Ulrich Koenig , Donat Kögel , Young Ho Koh , Masato Koike , Sepp Kohlwein , Nur Kocaturk , Masaaki Komatsu , Jeannette König , Toru Kono , Benjamin Kopp , Tamas Korcsmaros , Gözde Korkmaz , Viktor Korolchuk , Mónica Suárez Korsnes , Ali Koskela , Janaiah Kota , Yaichiro Kotake , Monica Kotler , Yanjun Kou , Michael Koukourakis , Evangelos Koustas , Attila Kovacs , Tibor Kovács , Daisuke Koya , Tomohiro Kozako , Claudine Kraft , Dimitri Krainc , Helmut Krämer , Anna Krasnodembskaya , Carole Kretz-Remy (22) , Guido Kroemer (10, 34, 47, 48) , Nicholas Ktistakis , Kazuyuki Kuchitsu , Sabine Kuenen , Lars Kuerschner , Thomas Kukar , Ajay Kumar , Ashok Kumar , Deepak Kumar , Dhiraj Kumar , Sharad Kumar , Shinji Kume , Caroline Kumsta , Chanakya Kundu , Mondira Kundu , Ajaikumar Kunnumakkara , Lukasz Kurgan , Tatiana Kutateladze , Ozlem Kutlu , Seongae Kwak , Ho Jeong Kwon , Taeg Kyu Kwon , Yong Tae Kwon , Irene Kyrmizi , Albert La Spada , Patrick Labonté (49) , Sylvain Ladoire (50) , Ilaria Laface , Frank Lafont (51) , Diane Lagace , Vikramjit Lahiri , Zhibing Lai , Angela Laird , Aparna Lakkaraju , Trond Lamark , Sheng-Hui Lan , Ane Landajuela , Darius Lane , Jon Lane , Charles Lang , Carsten Lange , Ülo Langel , Rupert Langer , Pierre Lapaquette (52) , Jocelyn Laporte (53) , Nicholas Larusso , Isabel Lastres-Becker , Wilson Chun Yu Lau , Gordon Laurie , Sergio Lavandero , Betty Yuen Kwan Law , Helen Ka-Wai Law , Rob Layfield , Weidong Le , Herve Le Stunff (54) , Alexandre Leary , Jean-Jacques Lebrun , Lionel Y.W. Leck , Jean-Philippe Leduc-Gaudet , Changwook Lee , Chung-Pei Lee , Da-Hye Lee , Edward Lee , Erinna Lee , Gyun Min Lee , He-Jin Lee , Heung Kyu Lee , Jae Man Lee , Jason Lee , Jin-A Lee , Joo-Yong Lee , Jun Hee Lee , Michael Lee , Min Goo Lee , Min Jae Lee , Myung-Shik Lee , Sang Yoon Lee , Seung-Jae Lee , Stella Lee , Sung Bae Lee , Won Hee Lee , Ying-Ray Lee , Yong-Ho Lee , Youngil Lee , Christophe Lefebvre , Renaud Legouis , Yu Lei , Yuchen Lei , Sergey Leikin , Gerd Leitinger , Leticia Lemus , Shuilong Leng , Olivia Lenoir (23) , Guido Lenz , Heinz Josef Lenz , Paola Lenzi , Yolanda León , Andréia Leopoldino , Christoph Leschczyk , Stina Leskelä , Elisabeth Letellier , Chi-Ting Leung , Po Sing Leung , Jeremy Leventhal , Beth Levine , Patrick Lewis , Klaus Ley , Bin Li , Da-Qiang Li , Jianming Li , Jing Li , Jiong Li , Ke Li , Liwu Li , Mei Li , Min Li , Ming Li , Mingchuan Li , Pin-Lan Li , Ming-Qing Li , Qing Li , Sheng Li , Tiangang Li , Wei Li , Wenming Li , Xue Li , Yi-Ping Li , Yuan Li , Zhiqiang Li , Zhiyong Li , Zhiyuan Li , Jiqin Lian , Chengyu Liang , Qiangrong Liang , Weicheng Liang , Yongheng Liang , Yongtian Liang , Guanghong Liao , Lujian Liao , Mingzhi Liao , Yung-Feng Liao , Mariangela Librizzi , Pearl Lie , Mary Lilly , Hyunjung Lim , Thania R.R. Lima , Federica Limana , Chao Lin , Chih-Wen Lin , Dar-Shong Lin , Fu-Cheng Lin , Jiandie Lin , Kurt Lin , Kwang-Huei Lin , Liang-Tzung Lin , Pei-Hui Lin , Qiong Lin , Shaofeng Lin , Su-Ju Lin , Wenyu Lin , Xueying Lin , Yao-Xin Lin , Yee-Shin Lin , Rafael Linden , Paula Lindner , Shuo-Chien Ling , Paul Lingor , Amelia Linnemann , Yih-Cherng Liou , Marta Lipinski , Saška Lipovšek , Vitor Lira , Natalia Lisiak , Paloma Liton , Chao Liu , Ching-Hsuan Liu , Chun-Feng Liu , Cui Hua Liu , Fang Liu , Hao Liu , Hsiao-Sheng Liu , Hua-Feng Liu , Huifang Liu , Jia Liu , Jing Liu , Julia Liu , Leyuan Liu , Longhua Liu , Meilian Liu , Qin Liu , Wei Liu , Wende Liu , Xiao-Hong Liu , Xiaodong Liu , Xingguo Liu , Xu Liu , Xuedong Liu , Yanfen Liu , Yang Liu , Yueyang Liu , Yule Liu , J. Andrew Livingston , Gerard Lizard (55) , Jose Lizcano , Senka Ljubojevic-Holzer , Matilde Lleonart , David Llobet-Navàs , Alicia Llorente , Chih Hung Lo , Damián Lobato-Márquez , Qi Long , Yun Chau Long , Ben Loos , Julia Loos , Manuela López , Guillermo López-Doménech , José Antonio López-Guerrero , Ana López-Jiménez , Óscar López-Pérez , Israel López-Valero , Magdalena Lorenowicz , Mar Lorente , Peter Lorincz , Laura Lossi , Sophie Lotersztajn (56) , Penny Lovat , Jonathan Lovell , Alenka Lovy , Péter Lőw , Guang Lu , Haocheng Lu , Jia-Hong Lu , Jin-Jian Lu , Mengji Lu , Shuyan Lu , Alessandro Luciani , John Lucocq , Paula Ludovico , Micah Luftig , Morten Luhr , Diego Luis-Ravelo , Julian Lum , Liany Luna-Dulcey , Anders Lund , Viktor Lund , Jan Lünemann , Patrick Lüningschrör , Honglin Luo , Rongcan Luo , Shouqing Luo , Zhi Luo , Claudio Luparello , Bernhard Lüscher , Luan Luu , Alex Lyakhovich , Konstantin Lyamzaev , Alf Håkon Lystad , Lyubomyr Lytvynchuk , Alvin Ma , Changle Ma , Mengxiao Ma , Ning-Fang Ma , Quan-Hong Ma , Xinliang Ma , Yueyun Ma , Zhenyi Ma , Ormond Macdougald , Fernando Macian , Gustavo Macintosh , Jeffrey Mackeigan , Kay Macleod , Sandra Maday , Frank Madeo , Muniswamy Madesh , Tobias Madl , Julio Madrigal-Matute , Akiko Maeda , Yasuhiro Maejima , Marta Magarinos , Poornima Mahavadi , Emiliano Maiani , Kenneth Maiese , Panchanan Maiti , Maria Chiara Maiuri (10) , Barbara Majello , Michael Major , Elena Makareeva , Fayaz Malik , Karthik Mallilankaraman , Walter Malorni , Alina Maloyan , Najiba Mammadova , Gene Chi Wai Man , Federico Manai , Joseph Mancias , Eva-Maria Mandelkow , Michael Mandell , Angelo Manfredi , Masoud Manjili , Ravi Manjithaya , Patricio Manque , Bella Manshian , Raquel Manzano , Claudia Manzoni , Kai Mao , Cinzia Marchese , Sandrine Marchetti (6) , Anna Maria Marconi , Fabrizio Marcucci , Stefania Mardente , Olga Mareninova , Marta Margeta , Muriel Mari , Sara Marinelli , Oliviero Marinelli , Guillermo Mariño , Sofia Mariotto , Richard Marshall , Mark Marten , Sascha Martens , Alexandre P.J. Martin , Katie Martin , Sara Martin , Shaun Martin , Adrián Martín-Segura , Miguel Martín-Acebes , Inmaculada Martin-Burriel , Marcos Martin-Rincon , Paloma Martin-Sanz , José Martina , Wim Martinet , Aitor Martinez , Ana Martinez , Jennifer Martinez , Moises Martinez Velazquez , Nuria Martinez-Lopez , Marta Martinez-Vicente , Daniel Martins , Joilson Martins , Waleska Martins , Tania Martins-Marques , Emanuele Marzetti , Shashank Masaldan , Celine Masclaux-Daubresse (57) , Douglas Mashek , Valentina Massa , Lourdes Massieu , Glenn Masson , Laura Masuelli , Anatoliy Masyuk , Tetyana Masyuk , Paola Matarrese , Ander Matheu , Satoaki Matoba , Sachiko Matsuzaki (58, 59) , Pamela Mattar , Alessandro Matte , Domenico Mattoscio , José Mauriz , Mario Mauthe , Caroline Mauvezin , Emanual Maverakis , Paola Maycotte , Johanna Mayer , Gianluigi Mazzoccoli , Cristina Mazzoni , Joseph Mazzulli , Nami Mccarty , Christine Mcdonald , Mitchell Mcgill , Sharon Mckenna , Bethann Mclaughlin , Fionn Mcloughlin , Mark Mcniven , Thomas Mcwilliams , Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou (60) , Tania Catarina Medeiros , Diego Medina , Lynn Megeney , Klara Megyeri , Maryam Mehrpour , Jawahar Mehta , Alfred Meijer , Annemarie Meijer , Jakob Mejlvang , Alicia Meléndez , Annette Melk , Gonen Memisoglu , Alexandrina Mendes , Delong Meng , Fei Meng , Tian Meng , Rubem Menna-Barreto (61) , Manoj Menon , Carol Mercer , Anne Mercier , Jean-Louis Mergny (62) , Adalberto Merighi , Seth Merkley , Giuseppe Merla , Volker Meske , Ana Cecilia Mestre , Shree Padma Metur , Christian Meyer (57) , Hemmo Meyer , Wenyi Mi , Jeanne Mialet-Perez (63) , Junying Miao , Lucia Micale , Yasuo Miki , Enrico Milan , Małgorzata Milczarek , Dana Miller , Samuel Miller , Silke Miller , Steven Millward , Ira Milosevic , Elena Minina , Hamed Mirzaei , Hamid Reza Mirzaei , Mehdi Mirzaei , Amit Mishra , Nandita Mishra , Paras Kumar Mishra , Maja Misirkic Marjanovic , Roberta Misasi , Amit Misra , Gabriella Misso , Claire Mitchell , Geraldine Mitou (64) , Tetsuji Miura , Shigeki Miyamoto , Makoto Miyazaki , Mitsunori Miyazaki , Taiga Miyazaki , Keisuke Miyazawa , Noboru Mizushima , Trine Mogensen , Baharia Mograbi (25, 65) , Reza Mohammadinejad , Yasir Mohamud , Abhishek Mohanty , Sipra Mohapatra , Torsten Möhlmann , Asif Mohmmed , Anna Moles , Kelle Moley , Maurizio Molinari , Vincenzo Mollace , Andreas Buch Møller , Bertrand Mollereau (66) , Faustino Mollinedo , Costanza Montagna , Mervyn Monteiro , Andrea Montella , L. Ruth Montes , Barbara Montico , Vinod Mony , Giacomo Monzio Compagnoni , Michael Moore , Mohammad Moosavi , Ana Mora , Marina Mora , David Morales-Alamo , Rosario Moratalla , Paula Moreira , Elena Morelli , Sandra Moreno , Daniel Moreno-Blas , Viviana Moresi , Benjamin Morga (67) , Alwena Morgan , Fabrice Morin (68) , Hideaki Morishita , Orson Moritz , Mariko Moriyama , Yuji Moriyasu , Manuela Morleo , Eugenia Morselli , Jose Moruno-Manchon , Jorge Moscat , Serge Mostowy , Elisa Motori , Andrea Felinto Moura , Naima Moustaid-Moussa , Maria Mrakovcic , Gabriel Muciño-Hernández , Anupam Mukherjee , Subhadip Mukhopadhyay , Jean Mulcahy Levy , Victoriano Mulero , Sylviane Muller (17, 69) , Christian Münch , Ashok Munjal , Pura Munoz-Canoves , Teresa Muñoz-Galdeano , Christian Münz , Tomokazu Murakawa , Claudia Muratori , Brona Murphy , J. Patrick Murphy , Aditya Murthy , Timo Myöhänen , Indira Mysorekar , Jennifer Mytych , Seyed Mohammad Nabavi , Massimo Nabissi , Péter Nagy , Jihoon Nah , Aimable Nahimana , Ichiro Nakagawa , Ken Nakamura , Hitoshi Nakatogawa , Shyam Nandi , Meera Nanjundan , Monica Nanni , Gennaro Napolitano , Roberta Nardacci , Masashi Narita , Melissa Nassif , Ilana Nathan , Manabu Natsumeda , Ryno Naude , Christin Naumann , Olaia Naveiras , Fatemeh Navid , Steffan Nawrocki , Taras Nazarko , Francesca Nazio , Florentina Negoita , Thomas Neill , Amanda Neisch , Luca Neri , Mihai Netea , Patrick Neubert , Thomas Neufeld , Dietbert Neumann , Albert Neutzner , Phillip Newton , Paul Ney , Ioannis Nezis , Charlene C.W. Ng , Tzi Bun Ng , Hang Nguyen (41) , Long Nguyen , Hong-Min Ni , Clíona Ní Cheallaigh , Zhenhong Ni , M. Celeste Nicolao , Francesco Nicoli , Manuel Nieto-Diaz , Per Nilsson , Shunbin Ning , Rituraj Niranjan , Hiroshi Nishimune , Mireia Niso-Santano , Ralph Nixon , Annalisa Nobili , Clevio Nobrega , Takeshi Noda , Uxía Nogueira-Recalde , Trevor Nolan , Ivan Nombela , Ivana Novak , Beatriz Novoa , Takashi Nozawa , Nobuyuki Nukina , Carmen Nussbaum-Krammer , Jesper Nylandsted , Tracey O’donovan , Seónadh O’leary , Eyleen O’rourke , Mary O’sullivan , Timothy O’sullivan , Salvatore Oddo , Ina Oehme , Michinaga Ogawa , Eric Ogier-Denis (56) , Margret Ogmundsdottir , Besim Ogretmen , Goo Taeg Oh , Seon-Hee Oh , Young Oh , Takashi Ohama , Yohei Ohashi , Masaki Ohmuraya , Vasileios Oikonomou , Rani Ojha , Koji Okamoto , Hitoshi Okazawa , Masahide Oku , Sara Oliván , Jorge Oliveira , Michael Ollmann , James Olzmann , Shakib Omari , M. Bishr Omary , Gizem Önal , Martin Ondrej , Sang-Bing Ong , Sang-Ging Ong , Anna Onnis , Juan Orellana , Sara Orellana-Muñoz , Maria del Mar Ortega-Villaizan , Xilma Ortiz-Gonzalez , Elena Ortona , Heinz Osiewacz , Abdel-Hamid Osman , Rosario Osta , Marisa Otegui , Kinya Otsu , Christiane Ott , Luisa Ottobrini , Jing-Hsiung James Ou , Tiago Outeiro , Inger Oynebraten , Melek Ozturk , Gilles Pagès , Susanta Pahari , Marta Pajares , Utpal Pajvani , Rituraj Pal , Simona Paladino , Nicolas Pallet (10) , Michela Palmieri , Giuseppe Palmisano , Camilla Palumbo , Francesco Pampaloni , Lifeng Pan , Qingjun Pan , Wenliang Pan , Xin Pan , Ganna Panasyuk , Rahul Pandey , Udai Pandey , Vrajesh Pandya , Francesco Paneni , Shirley Pang , Elisa Panzarini , Daniela Papademetrio , Elena Papaleo , Daniel Papinski , Diana Papp , Eun Chan Park , Hwan Tae Park , Ji-Man Park , Jong-In Park , Joon Tae Park , Junsoo Park , Sang Chul Park , Sang-Youel Park , Abraham Parola , Jan Parys , Adrien Pasquier , Benoit Pasquier (70) , João Passos , Nunzia Pastore , Hemal Patel , Daniel Patschan , Sophie Pattingre (71) , Gustavo Pedraza-Alva , Jose Pedraza-Chaverri , Zully Pedrozo , Gang Pei , Jianming Pei , Hadas Peled-Zehavi , Joaquín Pellegrini , Joffrey Pelletier , Miguel Peñalva , Di Peng , Ying Peng , Fabio Penna , Maria Pennuto , Francesca Pentimalli , Cláudia Mf Pereira , Gustavo J.S. Pereira , Lilian Pereira , Luis Pereira de Almeida , Nirma Perera , Ángel Pérez-Lara , Ana Perez-Oliva , María Esther Pérez-Pérez , Palsamy Periyasamy , Andras Perl , Cristiana Perrotta , Ida Perrotta , Richard Pestell , Morten Petersen , Irina Petrache , Goran Petrovski , Thorsten Pfirrmann , Astrid Pfister , Jennifer Philips , Huifeng Pi , Anna Picca , Alicia Pickrell , Sandy Picot (67) , Giovanna Pierantoni , Marina Pierdominici , Philippe Pierre (72, 73, 74) , Valérie Pierrefite-Carle (30) , Karolina Pierzynowska , Federico Pietrocola , Miroslawa Pietruczuk , Claudio Pignata , Felipe Pimentel-Muiños , Mario Pinar , Roberta Pinheiro , Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski , Paolo Pinton , Karolina Pircs , Sujan Piya , Paola Pizzo , Theo Plantinga , Harald Platta , Ainhoa Plaza-Zabala , Markus Plomann , Egor Plotnikov , Helene Plun-Favreau , Ryszard Pluta , Roger Pocock , Stefanie Pöggeler , Christian Pohl , Marc Poirot (44) , Angelo Poletti , Marisa Ponpuak , Hana Popelka , Blagovesta Popova , Helena Porta , Soledad Porte Alcon , Eliana Portilla-Fernandez , Martin Post , Malia Potts , Joanna Poulton , Ted Powers , Thomas Wollert (75) , Isabelle Vergne (76) , Romeo Ricci (53)

1 University of Michigan [Ann Arbor]
2 Institut Pasteur d'Iran
3 IPMC - Institut de pharmacologie moléculaire et cellulaire
4 LNC - Lipides - Nutrition - Cancer [Dijon - U1231]
5 CRCA - Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale - UMR5169
6 C3M - Centre méditerranéen de médecine moléculaire
7 IBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose
8 DHNS - Maladies et hormones du système nerveux
9 USC Upstate - University of South Carolina Upstate
10 CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138) - Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers
11 The Francis Crick Institute [London]
12 Royal Free Hospital [London, UK]
13 PHYSENDO - Physiologie et physiopathologie endocriniennes
14 NuMéA - Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture
15 LBMCE - Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes
16 Department of Molecular Medicine
17 BSC - Biotechnologie et signalisation cellulaire
18 IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016) - Institut Cochin
19 LBM - Laboratoire de biogenèse membranaire
20 UQTR - Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
21 LPHI - Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions [Montpellier]
22 INMG - Institut NeuroMyoGène
23 PARCC (UMR_S 970/ U970) - Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire
24 MASCOT (UMR_S_942 / U942) - Marqueurs cardiovasculaires en situation de stress
25 IRCAN - Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement
26 OEil, nutrition et signalisation cellulaire [CSGA]
27 Biologie des Bactéries intracellulaires - Biology of Intracellular Bacteria
28 Institut Curie [Paris]
29 IBGC - Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires
30 TIRO-MATOs UMR E4320 - Transporteurs et Imagerie, Radiothérapie en Oncologie et Mécanismes biologiques des Altérations du Tissu Osseux
31 CRCM - Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille
32 LISM - Laboratoire d'ingénierie des systèmes macromoléculaires
33 CRC - UMR_S 1138 - Métabolisme, Cancer et Immunité
34 Plateforme de métabolomique
35 Inserm U964 - CNRS UMR7104 - IGBMC - Centre for Integrative Biology - CBI
36 COSS - Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress and Signaling
37 CRLCC - CRLCC Eugène Marquis
38 INEM - UM 111 (UMR 8253 / U1151) - Institut Necker Enfants-Malades
39 UNH - Unité de Nutrition Humaine
40 I2BC - Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule
41 M2iSH - Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte
42 IMN - Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives [Bordeaux]
43 CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie
44 CRCT - Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse
45 LPGP - Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons = Fish Physiology and Genomics Institute
46 Physiopathologie et traitement des maladies du foie
47 HEGP - Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP]
48 Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]
49 INRS-IAF - Institut Armand Frappier
50 Département d'oncologie médicale [Centre Georges-François Leclerc]
51 CIIL - Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204
52 PAM - Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon]
53 IGBMC - Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire
54 NeuroPSI - Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay
55 BIO-PEROXIL - Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL. Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique [Dijon]
56 CRI (UMR_S_1149 / ERL_8252 / U1149) - Centre de recherche sur l'Inflammation
57 IJPB - Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin
58 CHU Clermont-Ferrand
59 IP - Institut Pascal
60 U830 - Unité de génétique et biologie des cancers
61 Biologia Celular [Rio de Janeiro]
62 LOB - Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences
63 I2MC - Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires
64 UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier
65 UNICANCER/CAL - Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Antoine Lacassagne [Nice]
66 SFR Biosciences
67 SGMM - Unité Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques
68 DC2N - Différenciation et communication neuronale et neuroendocrine
69 USIAS - Institut d’Etudes Avancées de l’Université de Strasbourg - Institute for Advanced Study
70 Sanofi [Vitry-sur-Seine]
71 Micro-environnement tumoral et résistance aux traitements
72 CIML - Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy
73 Universidade de Aveiro
74 Shanghai Jiao Tong University [Shanghai]
75 Biochimie membranaire et transport / Membrane Biochemistry and Transport
76 IPBS - Institut de pharmacologie et de biologie structurale

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

Keywords: vacuole; stress; autophagosome; phagophore; neurodegeneration; macroautophagy; lysosome; LC3; flux; cancer; vacuole; vacuole; vacuole

Domains: Cellular Biology

Daniel Klionsky, Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz, Sara Abdelfatah, Mahmoud Abdellatif, Asghar Abdoli, et al.. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition). Autophagy, 2021, 17 (1), pp.1-382. ⟨10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280⟩. ⟨inserm-03285572⟩